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The shine on the music industry, a darling of Wall Street in recent years, appears to have lost a bit of its luster.  
Record label and publisher stocks that boomed in 2023 are mostly down in 2024. Universal Music Group (UMG), riding high until two weeks ago, is down 14.0% through Thursday (Aug. 15). Warner Music Group (WMG) is off 21.0%. Reservoir Media is up 2%, although it has declined 15.0% since July 26. K-pop companies have fallen off a cliff.  

Not that business is bad — far from it. But as companies released earnings results over the last couple weeks, good results have occasionally been overshadowed by a financial metric — namely, subscription growth — that either missed expectations or is headed in the wrong direction. In some cases, the results were simply disappointing.  

Ever since UMG produced weaker-than-expected subscription growth in the second quarter, analysts and investors have been revisiting their forecasts, wondering if they set their expectations too high and trying to figure out if UMG’s results reflect the broader market. The company’s recorded music subscription revenue rose 6.5% in the quarter, about half of analysts’ expectations.  

Although UMG executives warned against reading too much into the results from any one quarter, investors did exactly that. UMG’s share price, which had been among the better performers in its label-publisher peer group in 2024, dropped 24% in a single day despite UMG posting a 10% increase in revenue and better margins than a year earlier.

Trending on Billboard

Subscription growth isn’t the only facet of the modern music business, but it’s probably the main reason most investors bought into music companies. As Billboard wrote in March, the music business is increasingly reliant — perhaps too much so — on subscription revenue. In the U.S. in 2023, subscription revenue accounted for 59.3% of recorded music revenue, up from 57.8% in 2022 and far above 47.3% in 2018, according to the RIAA. With ad-supported streaming stagnant, subscriptions take on even greater importance. 

Subscription revenue was on everybody’s mind when WMG released earnings a week later. The company’s streaming revenue didn’t show signs of UMG’s slippage, though, which suggested the reaction to UMG’s quarter may have been overblown. WMG’s recorded music subscription revenue was up 7% while ad-supported streaming revenue was unchanged. The streaming market, said CEO Robert Kyncl during the Aug. 7 earnings call, is “diverse,” “healthy’ and has more room for subscriber growth. While analysts’ opinions varied, investors seemed happy enough, as WMG’s share price gained 2% that day.  

Sony Music had similarly positive streaming results in its latest fiscal quarter. Total recorded music streaming revenue improved 6%, suggesting subscription revenue exceeded 6% to compensate for a small decline in ad-supported streaming.  

Often overshadowed by UMG and WMG, Reservoir Media has delivered consistent growth since going public in 2021. The company’s latest earnings results delivered more of the same: Revenue was up 8% and operating income before depreciation and amortization jumped 27%. While there was a decline in recorded music revenue, it couldn’t be attributed to a stubborn streaming market. Rather, Reservoir was riding high a year earlier from the reissue of De La Soul’s catalog, which it picked up in the 2021 acquisition of Tommy Boy Music. Even so, its share price is down 11.9% since its quarterly earnings release while the S&P 500 is up 2% over the same period.

K-pop is a different story altogether. While these South Korean companies are riding the genre’s success to aggressively expand globally through partnerships, joint ventures and acquisitions, they’re showing signs of growing pains. Year-to-date through Aug. 15, the four main K-pop companies’ share prices had dropped an average of 35.5%.

Second-quarter results explain part of the decline. Three of those K-pop companies had an average decline in net income of 84%, while the fourth saw its net profit turn into a net loss. At JYP Entertainment, home to Stray Kids and iTZY, revenue dropped 37% and net profit plummeted 95%. SM Entertainment managed a 6% increase in consolidated revenue — the main SM Entertainment segment fared far better than its subsidiaries — but net profit still dropped by 70%. HYBE’s revenue increased 6% and set a quarterly record, but its net profit slipped 86%.  

The South Korean companies’ relatively small rosters and lack of diversity help explain a quarter-to-quarter shortfall. JYP Entertainment, for example, was missing its most popular artists from its second-quarter album release schedule — a problem for a K-pop label dependent on fans’ tendency to buy CDs. (albums accounted for 49% of total revenue a year earlier). With an 82% drop last quarter, albums’ share of revenue fell to just 14%.  

There’s plenty of opportunity for companies to regain their luster. UMG CFO Boyd Muir insisted the company will consistently deliver high single-digit revenue growth. WMG’s Kyncl insisted that “streaming dynamics remain healthy” and the company sees “plenty of headroom for subscriber growth” globally. K-pop labels won’t go two successive quarters without priority releases to pad sales figures. Any single quarter may have a hiccup, but the long-term trend lines are still pointing in the right direction.